金磚五國（BRICS）

[石爺 (MJTVHoPin)]

金砖国家

目录

1. 概述
2. 1. 介绍
3. 2. 金砖国家领导人会晤
4. 3. 金砖国家
5. 4. 金砖国家经济体
6. 5. 金砖国家开发银行
7. 6. 金砖国家银行间合作机制
8. 7. 金砖国家应急储备安排
9. 8. 金砖国家2015年后发展议程
10. 9. 全球经济中的金砖国家
11. 10. 金砖国家的未来
12. 引用

概述

金砖国家是由巴西、俄罗斯、印度、中国和南非组成的国家集团。该集团成立于2009年，旨在促进其成员国的经济增长和金融稳定。该集团成功地实现了其目标，成员国的经济增长速度快于全球平均水平。金砖国家被认为是世界上最强大和最有影响力的国家之一。

1. 介绍

金砖国家集团——巴西、俄罗斯、印度、中国和南非——是重要的新兴市场，总人口超过30亿，约占世界人口的40%。它们也是世界上增长最快的经济体之一，2010年至2016年间的年均增长率为5.3%。

金砖国家是多元化的，每个国家都有自己独特的优势和挑战。然而，它们也有一些共同点，例如是主要经济体G20集团的成员，并且是世界上一些人口最多的国家。

金砖国家在经济、政治和安全问题上的合作日益加强。2009年，他们建立了金砖国家论坛，这是一个在经济和政治问题上进行合作的平台。2014年，他们成立了新开发银行，该机构将为金砖国家的基础设施和可持续发展项目提供资金。

金砖国家是全球经济的重要参与者，他们的合作正在日益塑造世界经济和政治格局。

2. 金砖国家领导人会晤

金砖国家领导人会晤是巴西、俄罗斯、印度、中国和南非领导人的年度会议，旨在讨论共同关心的问题。第一次峰会于2009年举行，最近一次峰会于2018年举行。

峰会被视为五国领导人讨论共同关心的问题和努力实现共同目标的一种方式。五国领导人在峰会上讨论了经济增长、贸易、投资和全球治理等一系列问题。

金砖国家是世界上增长最快的经济体之一，峰会被视为挑战发达国家主导地位的一种方式。峰会被视为促进金砖国家利益和增加其在世界上影响力的一种方式。

3. 金砖国家

金砖国家是巴西、俄罗斯、印度、中国和南非五个新兴经济体。他们被称为金砖国家。

金砖国家共同致力于促进开放包容的全球经济增长，维护全球金融稳定，推进国际合作。

金砖国家是全球经济的重要参与者。它们加起来占世界人口的40%以上，占陆地面积的30%，占GDP的近20%。

金砖国家致力于共同努力，为所有人建设一个更加繁荣、公平和可持续的世界。

4. 金砖国家经济体

金砖国家是巴西、俄罗斯、印度、中国和南非五大新兴经济体。他们被称为金砖国家。金砖国家都是G20的成员，过去几年发展迅速。

2016年，金砖国家GDP合计为16.0万亿美元，占全球经济的20%。金砖国家也拥有世界42%以上的人口。

金砖国家是世界上最具活力和增长最快的经济体之一。2010年至2016年间，金砖国家GDP总量年均增长7.0%。这明显快于3.7%的全球平均水平。

中国是金砖国家最大的经济体，2016年GDP为11.2万亿美元。其次是印度（2.9万亿美元）、巴西（2.1万亿美元）、俄罗斯（1.3万亿美元）和南非（0.6万亿美元）。

预计金砖国家在未来几年将继续快速增长。中国和印度预计将成为世界上增长最快的两个主要经济体，2018年至2020年的年增长率分别为6.7%和7.3%。预计巴西、俄罗斯和南非在此期间也将出现强劲的经济增长。

5. 金砖国家开发银行

金砖国家开发银行是由金砖国家建立的多边开发银行。该银行总部位于中国上海。该银行的主要目标是为金砖国家的基础设施项目提供资金。

该银行的资本为1000亿美元，五个成员国中每个成员国的捐款相等。该银行于2015年7月开始运营。该银行的第一任行长是来自印度的K.V. Kamath。

该银行一直被视为西方主导的世界银行和国际货币基金组织的竞争对手。一些人认为，该银行的成立是金砖国家经济影响力不断增强的标志。

6. 金砖国家银行间合作机制

金砖国家银行间合作机制是金砖国家中央银行之间为促进金融稳定和刺激经济增长而达成的协议。该协议于2013年签署，并于2015年生效。

根据该协议，巴西、俄罗斯、印度、中国和南非的中央银行同意在广泛的问题上进行合作，包括：

-制定应对金融稳定风险的联合框架

-加强支付和结算系统

-改善中小企业的融资渠道

-分享中央银行业务的知识和最佳实践

7. 金砖国家应急储备安排

金砖国家应急储备安排（CRA）是金砖国家于2014年建立的应急融资机制。CRA旨在在国际收支危机时向成员国提供财政援助。CRA的资金来自每个金砖国家的捐款，目前该基金的总规模为1000亿美元。

CRA类似于国际货币基金组织（IMF），但有一些关键区别。首先，CRA不向所有国家开放，而只向金砖国家开放。其次，CRA不是由单一机构集中管理，而是由代表每个金砖国家的董事会管理。第三，CRA不对其贷款施加条件，这意味着成员国不需要实施经济改革才能获得财政援助。

一些人批评CRA是金砖国家的工具，而不是全球经济的工具。然而，CRA因其灵活性和愿意在不强加苛刻条件的情况下向有需要的国家提供援助而受到其他人的赞扬。

8. 金砖国家2015年后发展议程

《金砖国家2015年后发展议程》是金砖国家集团承诺努力实现的8个目标。目标是：

1. 在世界各地消除一切形式的贫困
2. 消除饥饿，实现粮食安全，改善营养状况，促进可持续农业
3. 确保健康的生活方式，促进各年龄段所有人的福祉
4. 确保包容和公平的优质教育，促进全民终身学习机会
5. 实现性别平等，增强所有妇女和女童的权能
6. 确保人人享有水和卫生设施并对其进行可持续管理
7. 确保人人获得负担得起的、可靠的、可持续的现代能源
8. 促进持续、包容和可持续的经济增长，促进充分的生产性就业以及人人有体面工作

《金砖国家2015年后发展议程》于2015年金砖国家领导人第七次会晤上制定，被视为千年发展目标的后续议程。值得注意的是，该议程侧重于减贫、可持续发展和全球合作。

9. 全球经济中的金砖国家

金砖五国是巴西、俄罗斯、印度、中国和南非。它们都是人口众多、经济快速增长的新兴经济体。

金砖国家自2006年在俄罗斯叶卡捷琳堡举行的峰会上首次会晤以来一直在合作。此后，他们每年举行一次峰会，最近一次于2017年9月在中国厦门举行。

金砖国家是世界上最重要的新兴经济体之一。它们都是G20的成员，它们加起来占世界人口的40%以上，占世界GDP的20%以上。

金砖国家是彼此的重要贸易伙伴。中国是巴西、俄罗斯和南非的最大贸易伙伴，也是印度的第二大贸易伙伴。2016年金砖国家之间的贸易总额为6240亿美元，预计到2020年将增长到8万亿美元。

金砖国家还在其他一些倡议上进行合作。他们成立了新开发银行，旨在为金砖国家的基础设施项目提供融资。他们还在建立一家金砖国家评级机构，该机构将为穆迪和标准普尔等现有评级机构提供替代方案。

10. 金砖国家的未来

由巴西、俄罗斯、印度、中国和南非组成的金砖国家集团近年来取得了显著增长，许多专家预测，该集团将继续在全球舞台上占据突出地位。以下是金砖国家集团未来光明的10个原因：

1. 金砖国家是世界上一些增长最快的经济体的所在地。
2. 金砖国家集团的总人口超过30亿，约占世界人口的40%。
3. 金砖国家拥有不断壮大的中产阶级，中产阶级正日益推动经济增长。
4. 金砖国家集团的GDP总额超过16万亿美元，约占世界GDP的20%。
5. 金砖国家是一些世界上最大的公司的所在地，如巴西国家石油公司，俄罗斯天然气工业股份公司，俄罗斯联邦储蓄银行，阿里巴巴和腾讯。
6. 金砖国家集团拥有强大的自然资源基础，包括石油、天然气、煤炭、铁矿石和黄金。
7. 金砖国家集团拥有越来越多的高技能工人和专业人士。
8. 金砖国家正在大力投资基础设施建设。
9. 金砖国家集团在全球事务中日益发挥关键作用。
10. 金砖国家集团的未来看起来很光明。

引用

1. “什么是金砖国家？” WorldAtlas.com。
2. “金砖国家银行”。《经济学人》。
3. “什么是金砖国家？”央广网.
4. “金砖国家和G20有什么区别？”嘟嘟。
5. “金砖国家到底有什么共同点？”卫报.

[石爺 (MJTVHoPin)]

BRICS countries

Table of Contents

1. Overview

2. 1. Introduction
3. 2. The BRICS Summit
4. 3. The BRICS countries
5. 4. The BRICS economies
6. 5. The BRICS Development Bank
7. 6. The BRICS Interbank Cooperation Mechanism
8. 7. The BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement
9. 8. The BRICS Post-2015 Development Agenda
10. 9. The BRICS in the global economy
11. 10. The future of the BRICS

12. References

Overview

The BRICS countries are a group of nations consisting of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. Formed in 2009, the group’s aim is to promote economic growth and financial stability throughout its member countries. The group has been successful in achieving its goals, with member countries’ economies growing at a faster rate than the global average. The BRICS countries are considered to be some of the most powerful and influential nations in the world.

1. Introduction

The BRICS group of countries – Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa – are important emerging markets with a combined population of over 3 billion people, or approximately 40% of the world’s population. They are also some of the fastest-growing economies in the world, with an average annual growth rate of 5.3% between 2010 and 2016.

The BRICS countries are diverse, with each country having its own unique strengths and challenges. However, they also have some commonalities, such as being members of the G20 group of major economies and being home to some of the world’s largest populations.

The BRICS countries are increasingly working together on economic, political and security issues. In 2009, they established the BRICS Forum, a platform for cooperation on economic and political issues. In 2014, they launched the New Development Bank, an institution that will finance infrastructure and sustainable development projects in the BRICS countries.

The BRICS countries are important players in the global economy and their cooperation is increasingly shaping the world’s economic and political landscape.

2. The BRICS Summit

The BRICS Summit is an annual meeting of the leaders of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa, held to discuss issues of mutual interest. The first summit was held in 2009, and the most recent in 2018.

The summit is seen as a way for the leaders of the five countries to discuss issues of mutual concern and to work towards common goals. The leaders of the five countries have discussed a range of issues at the summit, including economic growth, trade, investment, and global governance.

The BRICS countries are some of the fastest-growing economies in the world, and the summit has been seen as a way to challenge the dominance of the developed world. The summit has been seen as a way to promote the interests of the BRICS countries and to increase their influence in the world.

3. The BRICS countries

The BRICS countries are the five emerging economies of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. They are known as the BRICS nations.

The BRICS countries are united by their shared commitment to promote open and inclusive global economic growth, to safeguard global financial stability, and to advance international cooperation.

The BRICS countries are significant players in the global economy. Together, they account for over 40% of the world’s population, 30% of its landmass, and nearly 20% of its GDP.

The BRICS countries are committed to working together to build a more prosperous, equitable, and sustainable world for all.

4. The BRICS economies

The BRICS economies are the five major emerging economies of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. They are known as the BRICS nations. The BRICS countries are all members of the G20, and have been growing rapidly over the past few years.

The combined GDP of the BRICS economies was US$16.0 trillion in 2016, accounting for 20% of the global economy. The BRICS countries are also home to over 42% of the world’s population.

The BRICS economies are some of the most dynamic and fastest-growing in the world. Between 2010 and 2016, the combined GDP of the BRICS nations grew at an average annual rate of 7.0%. This is significantly faster than the global average of 3.7%.

China is the largest economy in the BRICS, with a GDP of US$11.2 trillion in 2016. It is followed by India (US$2.9 trillion), Brazil (US$2.1 trillion), Russia (US$1.3 trillion) and South Africa (US$0.6 trillion).

The BRICS nations are expected to continue to grow at a rapid pace in the coming years. China and India are forecast to be the two fastest-growing major economies in the world, with annual growth rates of 6.7% and 7.3% respectively between 2018 and 2020. Brazil, Russia and South Africa are also expected to see strong economic growth over this period.

5. The BRICS Development Bank

The BRICS Development Bank is a multilateral development bank established by the BRICS countries. The bank’s headquarters is in Shanghai, China. The bank’s main aim is to finance infrastructure projects in the BRICS countries.

The bank’s capital is US$100 billion, with equal contributions from each of the five member countries. The bank began operations in July 2015. The first president of the bank is K.V. Kamath, from India.

The bank has been seen as a rival to the Western-dominated World Bank and International Monetary Fund. Some have seen the establishment of the bank as a sign of the growing economic clout of the BRICS countries.

6. The BRICS Interbank Cooperation Mechanism

The BRICS Interbank Cooperation Mechanism is an agreement between the central banks of the BRICS nations to promote financial stability and stimulate economic growth. The agreement was signed in 2013 and went into effect in 2015.

Under the agreement, the central banks of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa agreed to cooperate on a wide range of issues including:

-Developing a joint framework for addressing financial stability risks

-Enhancing payment and settlement systems

-Improving access to financing for small and medium enterprises

-Sharing knowledge and best practices on central banking operations

7. The BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement

The BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) is an emergency funding mechanism created by the BRICS nations in 2014. The CRA is designed to provide financial assistance to member states in the event of a balance of payments crisis. The CRA is funded by contributions from each of the BRICS nations, and the total size of the fund is currently $100 billion.

The CRA is similar to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), but with a few key differences. First, the CRA is not open to all nations, but only to the BRICS nations. Second, the CRA is not centrally managed by a single institution, but is instead governed by a board of directors representing each of the BRICS nations. Third, the CRA does not impose conditionality on its loans, meaning that member states are not required to implement economic reforms in order to receive financial assistance.

The CRA has been criticized by some for being a tool of the BRICS nations, and not of the global economy. However, the CRA has been praised by others for its flexibility and for its willingness to provide assistance to countries in need without imposing harsh conditions.

8. The BRICS Post-2015 Development Agenda

The BRICS Post-2015 Development Agenda is a set of 8 goals that the group of nations known as the BRICS have committed to working towards. The goals are:

1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere
2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture
3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all
5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all

The BRICS Post-2015 Development Agenda was formulated at the 7th BRICS summit in 2015, and is seen as a successor to the Millennium Development Goals. The Agenda is noteworthy for its focus on poverty alleviation, sustainable development, and global cooperation.

9. The BRICS in the global economy

The five BRICS countries are Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. They are all emerging economies with large populations and rapidly growing economies.

The BRICS countries have been working together since 2006, when they first met at a summit in Yekaterinburg, Russia. Since then, they have held annual summits, with the most recent one taking place in Xiamen, China in September 2017.

The BRICS countries are some of the most important emerging economies in the world. They are all members of the G20, and together they account for over 40% of the world’s population and more than 20% of the world’s GDP.

The BRICS countries are important trading partners for each other. China is the largest trading partner for Brazil, Russia and South Africa, and the second largest for India. Trade between the BRICS countries totaled $624 billion in 2016, and is expected to grow to $8 trillion by 2020.

The BRICS countries are also working together on a number of other initiatives. They have established the New Development Bank, which is intended to provide financing for infrastructure projects in the BRICS countries. They are also working on a BRICS rating agency, which will provide an alternative to the existing rating agencies like Moody’s and Standard & Poor’s.

10. The future of the BRICS

The BRICS bloc of countries – Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa – has seen significant growth in recent years, with many experts predicting that the group will continue to rise in prominence on the global stage. Here are 10 reasons why the future looks bright for the BRICS bloc:

1. The BRICS countries are home to some of the world’s fastest-growing economies.

2. The BRICS bloc has a combined population of over 3 billion people – which is around 40% of the world’s population.

3. The BRICS countries are home to a growing middle class which is increasingly driving economic growth.

4. The BRICS bloc has a combined GDP of over US$16 trillion – which is around 20% of the world’s GDP.

5. The BRICS countries are home to some of the world’s largest companies, such as Petrobras, Gazprom, Sberbank, Alibaba and Tencent.

6. The BRICS bloc has a strong base of natural resources, including oil, gas, coal, iron ore and gold.

7. The BRICS bloc has a growing pool of highly-skilled workers and professionals.

8. The BRICS countries are investing heavily in infrastructure development.

9. The BRICS bloc is increasingly playing a key role in global affairs.

10. The future looks bright for the BRICS bloc.

References

1. “What are the BRICS Countries?”. WorldAtlas.com.
2. “The BRICS Bank”. The Economist.
3. “What are the BRICS?”. CNBC.
4. “What is the difference between the BRICS and the G20?”. Quora.
5. “What do the BRICS really have in common?”. The Guardian.