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美国指责几家中国公司帮助建造中国的间谍气球，包括一位解放军老兵转为无人机制造商，一家上海房地产公司打赌高空飞艇有更多的利润，以及一位知名的中国航空科学家，他创办了十几家公司，将其专业知识商业化。
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中国领导人习近平推动招募商业企业帮助建立一个世界级的军队，在军队和私营部门之间建立一种共生关系。最近关于高空气球的国际争论突出了这种努力。
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公司记录和其他中国文件显示，被美国政府列入黑名单的公司与这种军民融合的努力有联系，为军方提供更广泛、更快速的商业创新机会，同时也为企业提供合同和军事技能。
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中国企业正越来越多地被要求为国家的军事做出贡献。一格思慢航空科技集团宣称自己是 “国家军民融合示范企业”，而广州天海翔航空科技有限公司主要是一家无人机制造商，由一名前军人创办。
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中国并不是唯一希望利用商业企业的活力和创新来帮助建立一个技术更先进的军队的国家。五角大楼已经利用了与美国公司的合作关系，而SpaceX一直是航空航天业的主要参与者。
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中国共产党的权力意味着军事优先事项需要得到商业领袖的更多关注和忠诚。习主席一直在寻求发展技术自给自足，鉴于华盛顿对中国获取微芯片的限制，这种努力可能会加速。加州大学圣地亚哥分校的Tai Ming Cheung教授称这些努力是 “这种战略和国防部门自力更生动力的重要组成部分”。
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中国领导人几十年来一直试图让民用产业与军方合作。
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习近平推出了一项计划，促使企业分享其人才和技术。
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地方政府设立基金，支持无人机、机器人和其他军事应用技术的发展。
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习近平让自己负责一个新成立的国家委员会，以监督该计划。
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自2015年以来，中国已经成立了30多个投资基金，预计有能力向企业发放总额超过685亿美元的资金。
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军事应用、商业化和新兴技术的学术研究之间存在着复杂的联系网络。
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新美国安全中心的Elsa B. Kania和Lorand Laskai认为，这些联系 “很难说是巧合”。
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特朗普和拜登政府对民用供应链和军事用途之间的联系表示担忧，促使特朗普政府切断了华为购买美国技术的渠道，并禁止美国公民投资于某些与中国军方有联系的公司。拜登政府在美国12个城市建立了一支 “打击力量”，以帮助防止先进技术与对手共享，并加强了该国的出口管制系统。
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政府还将支持军用飞艇和气球项目的五家中国公司和一家研究机构列入黑名单，以防止它们购买美国技术。专家提醒说，中国政府对私营企业的不信任使得弥合军方和私营企业之间的鸿沟成为一项正在进行的工作，但一些公司已经从这一举措中受益。
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例如，一格思慢航空科技集团已将其16%的股份出售给三个由政府支持的投资基金，这些基金专注于军民融合机会。该公司已向中国军方提供了14年的隐形隐蔽材料，其平流层飞艇飞行数据处于世界领先水平。
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吴哲是北京南江航天科技有限公司的联合创始人，该公司与中国北方的锡林浩特市签署协议，建立一个 “近太空工业园”。南江集团的子公司似乎已经直接向中国人民解放军出售无人机。南江集团被看作是一种新型的军民融合。
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吴哲还成立了一家风险投资公司，投资于一系列卫星、氢能和航空航天公司，资金来自美国一所受制裁的军事大学。其中一家公司，东莞中航华迅卫星技术有限公司，宣传安装有监测系统的飞艇，包括用于军事需要。
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东莞中航华迅卫星技术有限公司的网站已经被撤下，这表明该技术有可能用于军事用途。这可能是南江集团正在实施的新军民融合模式的一部分。
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上海南江集团的近太空项目和一家名为东风科技集团的公司分别在2019年和2020年都在财务上陷入困境。中国北方的近太空产业园也因偷工减料和高成本而陷入法律纠纷。
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美国政府对中国企业与军方合作带来的风险做出了反应，但一些分析人士认为，这种反应可能走得太远，因为它可能导致对中国公民和美籍华人的种族定性，并阻止宝贵的学术合作。
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中国战略集团总裁、中央情报局前高级中国问题分析师克里斯托弗-K-约翰逊表示，在过去几周里，气球事件激起了 “某种歇斯底里的感觉”。他还警告说，当美国政府切断与中国企业和部门的贸易时，可能会导致失去获得收入和创新的机会，并需要对此进行深思。
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The United States has accused several Chinese companies of helping to build China’s spy balloons, including a People’s Liberation Army veteran turned drone manufacturer, a Shanghai real estate company that wagered there was more profit in high-altitude airships, and an eminent Chinese aviation scientist who started more than a dozen companies to commercialize his expertise.
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Chinese leader Xi Jinping has pushed for the recruiting of commercial businesses to help build a world-class military, creating a symbiotic relationship between the military and the private sector. This effort has been highlighted by the recent international fracas over the high-altitude balloons.
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Corporate records and other Chinese documents show that the companies blacklisted by the U.S. government have ties to this military-civil fusion effort, providing the military with wider, faster access to commercial innovations while also giving businesses contracts and military skills.
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Chinese businesses are increasingly being asked to contribute to the country’s military. Eagles Men Aviation Science and Technology Group has declared itself a “national model business of military-civil fusion”, and Guangzhou Tian-Hai-Xiang Aviation Technology, primarily a drone manufacturer, was founded by a former soldier.
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China is not the only country that is looking to utilize the dynamism and innovation of commercial businesses to help build a more technologically advanced military. The Pentagon has utilized partnerships with American companies, and SpaceX has been a major player in the aerospace industry.
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The Chinese Communist Party’s power means that military priorities need to be given more attention and loyalty from business leaders. President Xi has sought to develop technological self-sufficiency, and this effort is likely to accelerate in light of Washington’s restrictions on Chinese access to microchips. Professor Tai Ming Cheung of the University of California, San Diego, calls these efforts “an important part of this drive for self-reliance in the strategic and defense sectors.”
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Chinese leaders had been trying to get civilian industries to work with the military for decades.
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Xi Jinping rolled out a program to press businesses to share their talent and technology.
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Local governments established funds to support the development of drones, robots and other technologies with military applications.
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Xi Jinping put himself in charge of a newly founded national committee to oversee the program.
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Over three dozen investment funds have been founded in China since 2015, with an anticipated ability to disperse a total of more than $68.5 billion to firms.
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There is a complex network of linkages between military applications, commercialization and academic research into emerging technologies.
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These linkages are “hardly coincidental” according to Elsa B. Kania and Lorand Laskai at the Center for a New American Security.
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The Trump and Biden administrations have raised concerns about the linkages between civilian supply chains and military uses, prompting the Trump administration to cut off Huawei from buying US technologies and prohibiting American citizens from investing in certain companies linked with the Chinese military. The Biden administration has established a “strike force” in 12 US cities to help prevent advanced technology from being shared with adversaries, and fortified the country’s system of export controls.
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The administration has also placed five Chinese companies and a research institute that had supported military airship and balloon programs on a blacklist to prevent them from purchasing US technology. Experts caution that the Chinese government’s distrust of private business has made bridging the divide between the military and private business a work in progress, but some companies have benefited from the drive.
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Eagles Men Aviation Science and Technology Group, for example, has sold 16 percent of its shares to three government-backed investment funds focused on military-civil opportunities. The company has supplied stealth concealment materials to the Chinese military for 14 years and its stratospheric airship flight data is at a world-leading level.
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Wu Zhe co-founded Beijing Nanjiang Aerospace Technology, a firm that signed a deal with Xilinhot, a city in northern China, to build a “near-space industrial park”. Subsidiaries of Nanjiang appear to have sold drones directly to the People’s Liberation Army. Nanjiang Group is seen as a new type of civil-military fusion.
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Wu Zhe also set up a venture capital company that invested in a collection of satellite, hydrogen power and aerospace companies, with funding from a sanctioned military university in the US. One of these companies, Dongguan Zhonghang Huaxun Satellite Technology, advertised airships installed with monitoring systems, including for military needs.
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The website of Dongguan Zhonghang Huaxun Satellite Technology has been taken down, suggesting the potential for military uses of the technology. This could be a part of the new civil-military fusion model being implemented by Nanjiang Group.
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Shanghai Nanjiang Group’s near-space project and a company called Dongfeng Sci-Tech Group were both foundering financially in 2019 and 2020 respectively. The near-space industrial park in northern China was also caught up in legal disputes over shoddy construction and high costs.
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The U.S. government has reacted to the risks posed by Chinese corporate-military partnerships, but some analysts argue that this reaction may be going too far, as it could lead to ethnic profiling of Chinese citizens and Chinese Americans, and deter valuable academic partnerships.
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Christopher K. Johnson, President of China Strategies Group and former senior China analyst at the Central Intelligence Agency, has stated that the balloon episode has provoked “a certain sense of hysteria” in the last few weeks. He also warned that when the U.S. government cuts off trade with Chinese firms and sectors, it could lead to a loss of access to revenue and innovation, and the need to be thoughtful about it.
链接：Behind the Balloon Is China’s Push for Business to Serve the Military - The New York Times